• How the Silk Road Actually Worked (and What Could Go Terribly Wrong On It)

    How the Silk Road Actually Worked (and What Could Go Terribly Wrong On It)
    You don’t have to spend a long time reading up on the Silk Road before you see the term itself (“Silk Road”) called a misnomer. In fact, what we refer to by that name comprises a whole network of trade routes connecting Asia, Africa, and Europe, whose traffic constantly shifted over a millennium and a half according to climatic, geopolitical, and civilizational conditions. Nor was silk the only, or even the primary type of good carried along those routes. From East to West went
  • When Buckminster Fuller Proposed Putting a Dome Over Manhattan (1960)

    When Buckminster Fuller Proposed Putting a Dome Over Manhattan (1960)
    Image via Buckminster Fuller Estate
    The novels of John Brunner have become a niche taste, even within his genre of science fiction. A more sociologically minded version of Philip K. Dick at his best, he could write with what now looks like a simultaneous prescience about the civilization to come and an apocalyptically anxious concern with the issues of his day. His undisputed masterpiece Stand on Zanzibar came out in 1968, the same year as the late Paul R. Ehrlich’s The Population Bo
  • LEGO Lets You Build Gaudí’s Sagrada Família in Its Largest Set Ever

    LEGO Lets You Build Gaudí’s Sagrada Família in Its Largest Set Ever
    When work on the Sagrada Família first began in 1882, the original architect could hardly have imagined that, 144 years later, the ambitious undertaking would still be underway. Yet here we are. Famously, the Catalan architect Antoni Gaudí (1852–1926) spent the last four decades of his life designing and building the Gothic-inspired basilica in Barcelona. Then came the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939), which destroyed many of his architectural plans, leaving successive gen
  • The Cable that Changed the World: How Instant Global Communication Began in 1858

    The Cable that Changed the World: How Instant Global Communication Began in 1858
    The word wireless is going the way of computerized and portable, and for much the same reasons. We no longer regard wireless devices that require no physical connections to anything else as marvels, but as something close to necessities. But our age, with its increasingly common assumptions that information just travels through the air, owes its existence to wires — and, in a historical sense, to one set of wires in particular, whose story is told in the Primal Space video above.
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  • How to Explain Complicated Things

    How to Explain Complicated Things
    You may remember a time when it was difficult to make it through the day without hearing someone cite a TED Talk. A major technological reason for that was streaming video’s new accessibility on practically everyone’s computer (especially those of people bored at work). A major cultural reason was there was a considerable demographic overlap between those who knew their way around the new video-sharing realms of the internet and those likely to want to hear a “thought leader&rd
  • Mick Jagger Tells the Story Behind ‘Gimme Shelter’ and Merry Clayton’s Haunting Background Vocals

    Mick Jagger Tells the Story Behind ‘Gimme Shelter’ and Merry Clayton’s Haunting Background Vocals
    In the fall of 1969 the Rolling Stones were in a Los Angeles recording studio, putting the final touches on their album Let It Bleed. It was a tumultuous time for the Stones. They had been struggling with the album for the better part of a year as they dealt with the personal disintegration of their founder and multi-instrumentalist Brian Jones, whose drug addiction and personality problems had reached a critical stage. Jones was fired from the band in June of that year. He died less than a
  • Read the CIA’s Manual of Trickery and Deception, Written by a Professional Stage Magician

    Read the CIA’s Manual of Trickery and Deception, Written by a Professional Stage Magician
    The idea of a youngster vacillating between whether to become a magician or join the Central Intelligence Agency may sound implausible, but those two working environments have deeper commonalities than it would seem. So, in any case, believes John McLaughlin, whose more than 30 years at the CIA included periods as its deputy director and acting director. He also describes himself as a lifelong amateur magician, an avocation that owes much to his boyhood discovery of Quicker Than the Eye, a magi
  • The Little Albert Experiment: The Perverse 1920 Study That Made a Baby Afraid of Santa Claus & Bunnies

    The Little Albert Experiment: The Perverse 1920 Study That Made a Baby Afraid of Santa Claus & Bunnies
    The field of psychology is very different than it used to be. Nowadays, the American Psychological Association has a code of conduct for experiments that ensures a subject’s confidentiality, consent,and general mental well-being. In the old days, it wasn’t the case.
    Back then, you could, for instance, con subjects into thinking that they were electrocuting a man to death, as they did in the infamous 1961 Milgram experiment, which left people traumatized and humbled in the knowledge t
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  • How Else Marie Pade, a Prisoner in World War II, Became Denmark’s First Female Electronic Composer

    How Else Marie Pade, a Prisoner in World War II, Became Denmark’s First Female Electronic Composer
    Before she became a composer of electronic music, Else Marie Pade was a sick child listening to the radio. Frequent kidney inflammations consigned her to bed for long periods of time, which would constitute neither her last nor her harshest experience of confinement. She was still young when the Nazis occupied her homeland of Denmark during World War II, and perhaps her youth explains her decision to spit on a column of marching German soldiers. She escaped capture that day, running right into t
  • The Long, Strange History of Tarot Cards: From the 14th Century to Modern Times

    The Long, Strange History of Tarot Cards: From the 14th Century to Modern Times
    We have any number of reasons for difficulty getting to sleep, not least worries about the future. This is hardly a recent phenomenon, and indeed practices meant to clarify the nature of events to come may be older than civilization itself. In fact, many of us moderns trust the old ways of fortune-telling more than the new. Take the cards of the Tarot, often featured here on Open Culture, whose recognizable European form dates back to at least the fourteenth century. But as explained in the new
  • When Salvador Dalí Gave a Surrealist Lecture in a Diving Suit … and Almost Suffocated (1936)

    When Salvador Dalí Gave a Surrealist Lecture in a Diving Suit … and Almost Suffocated (1936)
    Image by Library of Congress/Carl Van Vechten, via Wikimedia Commons
    Many a foreigner has visited England and found it an unexpectedly surreal place. Some of that effect has to do with encountering familiar icons — Big Ben, double-decker Routemaster buses, Marmite — in cold, damp reality. More of it may be induced by the country’s simultaneously thoroughgoing cultures of normality and eccentricity, an endless source of inspiration for Monty Python’s Flying Circus and muc
  • How Alan Turing and His Fellow Codebreakers Broke the Nazis’ “Unbreakable” Enigma Code

    How Alan Turing and His Fellow Codebreakers Broke the Nazis’ “Unbreakable” Enigma Code
    There was a time when you could just go out and buy an Enigma machine. In the early nineteen-twenties, any organization with a need to keep its communications secret could order a few of those brand-new devices from Germany and rest assured that any messages encoded using them would be safe from prying eyes. It didn’t take long for the military to catch on to the Enigma’s usefulness. Just a few years after the machine came on the market, it had been adopted by the German Navy, Army,
  • When Galileo Calculated the Precise Dimensions of Hell in Dante’s Inferno

    When Galileo Calculated the Precise Dimensions of Hell in Dante’s Inferno
    We venerate Galileo Galilei for daring to speak the scientific truth in the face of severe institutional opposition. He publicly acknowledged that the Earth revolves around the Sun in a time when the Church would rather he didn’t, displaying a bloody-mindedness that he seems to have acquired with age. Decades earlier, in the first stage of his career, he found himself (circa 1588) tasked by the Florentine Academy with calculating the precise dimensions of hell as described in Dante’
  • Listen to 4+ Hours of Jazz & Classical Music from Haruki Murakami’s Novels

    Listen to 4+ Hours of Jazz & Classical Music from Haruki Murakami’s Novels
    Before he became a novelist, Haruki Murakami ran a jazz bar in Tokyo, and music has filled his novels ever since. For your listening pleasure, NTS Radio has created two playlists of the jazz and classical music referenced in his fiction. Together, they run nearly five hours and feature everyone from John Coltrane, Bill Evans, and Thelonious Monk to Schubert, Liszt, and Mozart. Our suggestion: Pick up a Murakami novel, press play, and let the music become the soundtrack to your reading. Enjoy!
    vi
  • Rage Against the Machines: From the Luddites to the AI Data Center Backlash

    Rage Against the Machines: From the Luddites to the AI Data Center Backlash
    One often-repeated anecdote about Milton Friedman has the famous economist visiting a canal under construction in nineteen-sixties China. Noticing the sheer number of human laborers digging away with shovels, he asked the official in charge why they weren’t getting the work done faster with excavators and other modern machines. The bureaucrat explained to him that doing it by hand created more jobs. Friedman’s reply: “If it’s jobs you want, you should give those men spoon
  • How Reading Changes the Way Your Brain Works

    How Reading Changes the Way Your Brain Works
    Reading is unnatural. This will hardly come as a surprise to any child trying to put off his homework for just one more hour of watching other kids play Minecraft. Yet there really are implications worth considering if we accept that our cognitive systems didn’t evolve to process text in the same way as they evolved to handle vision and speech. Speaking on an evolutionary historical scale, “we haven’t had enough time to develop a dedicated reading brain,” says UCLA neuros
  • An In-Depth, Immersive Journey Through the Bayeux Tapestry

    An In-Depth, Immersive Journey Through the Bayeux Tapestry
    With the Bayeux Tapestry now on display at the British Museum, Deep Down History presents a deep dive into the embroidery’s full story:
    “The Bayeux Tapestry is one of the most remarkable survivals of the Middle Ages — a 70 metre embroidered account of the events leading to the Norman Conquest of England in 1066, culminating in the Battle of Hastings. This video tells the Tapestry’s story in full, using Charles Stothard’s early colour reproduction, presented here as
  • The Genius Logic of the NATO Phonetic Alphabet: How It Was Created & How It Works

    The Genius Logic of the NATO Phonetic Alphabet: How It Was Created & How It Works
    Most of us can rattle off the first few words-that-stand-for-letters of the NATO phonetic alphabet. Alfa, Bravo, and Charlie no doubt come right to mind, and depending on how many war movies you’ve seen, so may Delta, Echo, and Foxtrot. But how many of us would recognize Kilo, Mike, and Sierra? For that matter, how much do any of us know about how these particular words came to be used to spell out other words when communicating over walkie-talkies or other low-fidelity communication syste
  • The Radical Ideas of Plato’s Republic: An In-Depth Introduction

    The Radical Ideas of Plato’s Republic: An In-Depth Introduction
    We no longer live in a time when college freshmen get shocked by much of the reading material assigned to them. Counterintuitively, the texts that do retain their power to disturb young minds (presuming they can read texts in the first place) tend to skew old — and in one prominent case, about 2,400 years old. Even the most superficial interpretations of Plato’s Republic challenge the political assumptions held by almost every student today, at least in the developed West. Many of th
  • How Martin Luther King, Jr. Used Nietzsche, Hegel & Kant to Overturn Segregation in America

    How Martin Luther King, Jr. Used Nietzsche, Hegel & Kant to Overturn Segregation in America
    Image by Dick DeMarsico, via Wikimedia Commons
    The influence of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel on the revolutionary philosophy of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels is well known. Marx wrote a critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right and claimed to have turned the German idealist philosopher on his head, and the development of Marxist theory among a school of neo-Hegelians, wrote Rebecca Cooper in 1925, occurred in a period “peculiarly auspicious for the birth of a revolutionary social ph
  • Scientists Discover the Earliest Evidence of Drug Use in 25,000-Year-Old Teeth

    Scientists Discover the Earliest Evidence of Drug Use in 25,000-Year-Old Teeth
    Image by Fakhri
    “Scientists Discover the Earliest Evidence of Drug Use in Really Old Teeth” may sound like odd headline language, at least by the traditional standards of the New York Times. But then, the teeth in question are, indeed, really old. “Archaeologists have pushed the timeline of human drug use back further than ever before by studying teeth that belonged to a hunter-gatherer who lived in Indonesia sometime from 16,000 to 25,000 years ago,” writes reporte
  • Route 66 Turns 100 This Year: Take a Tour of America’s Most Famous Highway

    Route 66 Turns 100 This Year: Take a Tour of America’s Most Famous Highway
    This past summer, the United States of America celebrated 250 years of independence. But for a great many Americana-lovers around the world, this year also brings another, even more resonant date: the 100th anniversary of the establishment of Route 66. In the months leading up to November 11th, the official birthday of what John Steinbeck dubbed the “Mother Road,” tourists both foreign and domestic have seized the occasion to make the 2,448-mile drive of which they’ve long drea
  • Download Hundreds of Issues of Jugend, Germany’s Pioneering Art Nouveau Magazine (1896–1940)

    Download Hundreds of Issues of Jugend, Germany’s Pioneering Art Nouveau Magazine (1896–1940)
    It’s an ungainly word for English speakers, which is maybe why we do not hear it often: Gleichschaltung. Yet the concept remains central for a clear view of what happened to Germany in the 1930s. In 1933, the nation completely transformed, seemingly overnight, through “a concerted policy of ‘coordination’ (Gleichschaltung),” the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum writes. “Culture, the economy, education, and law all came under Nazi control.” Those artists a
  • The Ancient Greek Water Clock That Kept the Most Accurate Time for 1,800 Years

    The Ancient Greek Water Clock That Kept the Most Accurate Time for 1,800 Years
    Today, we’re surrounded by technologies we could justifiably describe as time thieves. In ancient Greece, those who wanted to know where their time was going consulted a device they called a “water thief.” The roots of the clepsydra, or water clock, go back as far as the sixteenth century BC, with evidence of such devices found in modern-day Iraq, Iran, and Egypt, and more ambiguous evidence unearthed in places like India and China. The mechanism in the earliest examples t
  • Historian Timothy Snyder Teaches a Free Course on Hitler, Stalin & How “It” Can Happen Here

    Historian Timothy Snyder Teaches a Free Course on Hitler, Stalin & How “It” Can Happen Here
    When the historian Timothy Snyder left Yale for the University of Toronto in 2024, he took with him the practice of occasionally putting his course lectures online, making them available to anyone who cares to learn from them. Above, you can watch ten lectures from his recent course Hitler and Stalin Today. In this course:
    Snyder examines the Nazi and Soviet responses to the new globalized world they shared. The course begins with the colonial background that made totalitarianism possible, and
  • Frank Lloyd Wright’s Secret Career as a Japanese Art Dealer & How It Shaped His Architecture

    Frank Lloyd Wright’s Secret Career as a Japanese Art Dealer & How It Shaped His Architecture
    Frank Lloyd Wright was often strapped for cash. In that respect, he had something in common with Vincent van Gogh, who passed most of his much shorter life in more dire circumstances. Unlike Wright, who enjoyed decades of fame at the pinnacle of the American architectural profession, van Gogh remained practically unknown until after his death. But if they’ve encountered one another in the afterlife, they’ve certainly discussed one subject above all others: their shared appreciation
  • Bertrand Russell Explains Why Karl Marx’s Philosophy Produced the Disaster of Communism

    Bertrand Russell Explains Why Karl Marx’s Philosophy Produced the Disaster of Communism
    In 1927, Bertrand Russell delivered a lecture titled “Why I Am Not a Christian.” At the time, such a declaration was still fairly bold, as was the reasoning he provided for it. Nearly three decades thereafter, he included in his collection Portraits from Memory another, shorter piece, “Why I Am Not a Communist.” That description was safe to apply to oneself in 1954, at least in the mainstream of the English-speaking world. It would have been riskier for those who mov
  • Meet Lloyd Kahn, the Counterculture Publisher Who Is Skateboarding at 91

    Meet Lloyd Kahn, the Counterculture Publisher Who Is Skateboarding at 91
    Lloyd Kahn worked as an insurance broker before quitting in 1965. Then, he took a turn into the DIY building movement that emerged with the 1960s counterculture. Soon enough, he found himself editing the influential Whole Earth Catalog and publishing Shelter in 1973, a book still considered the bible of hand-built homes. Now 91 years old, Lloyd remains active in publishing. He also continues to run, paddleboard, and skateboard, a sport he took up when he turned 65. How many people can say that?
  • Why Inventing Color TV Was So Difficult

    Why Inventing Color TV Was So Difficult
    Many who read this will remember watching television on a black-and-white set at some point in their lives. Fewer will remember doing so because only black-and-white sets existed. Of course, your own experience will depend upon your country of origin. The United States began the transition to color television in 1953, and more than half of its population owned color sets less than twenty years thereafter. France’s stations started to change over in 1967, and the last one did so in 1983. So
  • Wes Anderson Picks Nine of His Favorite Criterion Films

    Wes Anderson Picks Nine of His Favorite Criterion Films
    Many an internet cinephile has wondered aloud if the Criterion Closet is a real place, or just a set thrown together to make videos when famous directors like Christopher Nolan, Francis Ford Coppola, or Jim Jarmusch drop by. It turns out indeed to exist, not only at Criterion’s offices in New York, but also elsewhere. The Criterion Mobile Closet, for example, has taken the label’s home-video library on the road since 2024, the 40th anniversary of the company’s foundation. If it

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