• How Balzac’s Extreme Coffee Habit Fueled His Productive Writing Routine

    How Balzac’s Extreme Coffee Habit Fueled His Productive Writing Routine
    Even now, in this age when the very reading of literature is endangered — or so the articles tell us — Honoré de Balzac (1799–1850) retains a notable ability to pick up new admirers. But even though he may have a decent readership by the standards of French novelists who died in the middle of the nineteenth century, one does wonder whether he still inspires the kind of devotion embodied by William Hobart Royce. A Brooklyn bookseller’s assistant first introduced to Les Cent Contes drola
  • A Soviet Animation of Stephen King’s Short Story “Battleground” (1986)

    A Soviet Animation of Stephen King’s Short Story “Battleground” (1986)
    Stephen King has that rare, and spectacularly profitable, skill to suck you into his world and compel you to flip to the next page. And when you’re hooked, his words have the uncanny ability to simply unfold like a movie in your head. So it isn’t surprising that his books have been widely adapted to the silver screen. Some are flat out masterpieces. Others are most decidedly not. This appreciation by filmmakers of King’s storytelling chops isn’t just contained to this side of the Iron Cu
  • Harry Houdini Died 100 Years Ago This Halloween: Was He Really Killed by a Punch to the Stomach?

    Harry Houdini Died 100 Years Ago This Halloween: Was He Really Killed by a Punch to the Stomach?
    This Halloween marks the 100th anniversary of the death of famed escape artist Harry Houdini. Today, most of us know more about the manner of that death than we do about any of the feats of escape artistry that made him famous in the first place. As the story goes, he’d mastered his own body to the extent that he could tighten his abdominal muscles so as to withstand even the hardest punch to the gut. Or at least that’s the image he let circulate: taking it as a challenge, a student and amat
  • Watch Rome Rise, Fall, and Rise Again in a Three-Minute 3D Timelapse

    Watch Rome Rise, Fall, and Rise Again in a Three-Minute 3D Timelapse
    Scholars disagree on when, exactly, Rome fell. But if you watch the new video from City 3D Timelapse above, you’ll understand the lack of debate on the question of whether it fell. Around the turn of the sixth century AD, buildings start vanishing at a rate that soon turns alarming; long before the end of the first millennium, it’s clear that Rome has been plunged into very hard times indeed. In the video’s accelerated visual history, that much-scrutinized 500-year span passes in a little
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  • Christopher Lee Reads Edgar Allan Poe: “The Raven,” “The Fall of the House of Usher,” “The Murders in the Rue Morgue” & More

    Christopher Lee Reads Edgar Allan Poe: “The Raven,” “The Fall of the House of Usher,” “The Murders in the Rue Morgue” & More
    Sir Christopher Lee and Edgar Allan Poe went way back. Or at least they went as far back as 1969, the year of The Oblong Box, a loose and lurid film adaptation of the eponymous story starring Lee and the also Poe-associated Vincent Price. Lee plays the doctor to whom a gang of grave-robbers delivers Price’s character, an Englishman disfigured in a voodoo ceremony who fakes his own death in order to escape the captivity of his brother. Whatever its entertainment value, the picture doesn’t ra
  • In 1897, London’s Lampposts Dispensed Hot Coffee, Tea, and “Fluid Beef”

    In 1897, London’s Lampposts Dispensed Hot Coffee, Tea, and “Fluid Beef”
    Any reader of Victorian literature will wonder how much a ha’penny was actually worth in those days. For a little more than a year at the very end of that period, it could buy you a cup of coffee, cocoa, milk, tea, or “fluid beef” — which would pour out of a lamppost on the corner. The Pluto Lamp, as it was branded, made its debut at the Victorian Era Exhibition, which was held in 1897 to celebrate the Queen’s Diamond Jubilee. Amid such attractions as a 360-degree
  • Doctor Who’s Tom Baker Plays Douglas Adams’ Digital “Agent” in the AI-Predicting Hyperland (1990)

    Doctor Who’s Tom Baker Plays Douglas Adams’ Digital “Agent” in the AI-Predicting Hyperland (1990)
    Cast your mind, if you will, back to the year 2020. It now feels like a different time, what with the spreading COVID-19 pandemic and the heated sociopolitical battles being waged online, and indeed in the (socially distanced) streets. That spring, we featured here on Open Culture an amusing retro-technological diversion called Hyperland. First broadcast on BBC2, the program stars The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy author Douglas Adams as himself and Doctor Who’s Tom Bake
  • Hear How Clare Torry’s Vocals on Pink Floyd’s “The Great Gig in the Sky” Made the Song Go from Pretty Good to Downright Great

    Hear How Clare Torry’s Vocals on Pink Floyd’s “The Great Gig in the Sky” Made the Song Go from Pretty Good to Downright Great
    Smack in the middle of Pink Floyd’s classic Dark Side of the Moon sits a song many listeners may hear as an extended bridge between the two true centerpieces, “Time” and “Money.” But I’ve always thought of “The Great Gig in the Sky” as the album’s true center, a swirling, swinging, soulful prog-rock masterpiece, carried to stratospheric heights by British singer Clare Torry. The song’s wordless gospel vocal makes it an ecstatic, ev
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  • The Dark Story Behind Edgar Allan Poe’s Most Famous Photograph, Taken Four Days After a Laudanum Overdose

    The Dark Story Behind Edgar Allan Poe’s Most Famous Photograph, Taken Four Days After a Laudanum Overdose
    In the Halloween season, one American writer comes to mind more often than any other: Edgar Allan Poe. That owes in large part to his famously macabre tales like “The Tell-Tale Heart,” “The Cask of Amontillado,” and “The Masque of the Red Death,” written though they may have been with barely concealed contempt for their sensation-seeking magazine readership. But it also has to do with the image of the man himself. Or rather, it has to do with one image in par
  • How Vincent van Gogh’s Sister-in-Law Worked Tirelessly to Make Him Famous

    How Vincent van Gogh’s Sister-in-Law Worked Tirelessly to Make Him Famous
    No artist, no matter how solitary by nature, becomes a cultural phenomenon alone. That’s even true of such an isolated figure as Vincent van Gogh, whose death in obscurity at the age of 37 left open the question of who, if anyone, would vouchsafe his paintings to posterity. The support of the artist’s younger brother Theo is often given a good deal of credit for making his work possible, and not without reason. What’s somewhat less widely known is that Theo, who’d long be
  • The Megaprojects That Even the Ancient Romans Couldn’t Pull Off: Rerouting the Tiber, Digging a Canal, and More

    The Megaprojects That Even the Ancient Romans Couldn’t Pull Off: Rerouting the Tiber, Digging a Canal, and More
    Some would call the United States of America the mightiest empire the world has ever known. Yet over the past half-century or so, it has shown a strange inability to build domestic infrastructure, at least at the efficiency or on the scale seen elsewhere in the world. (This will not come as news to American enthusiasts of high-speed rail.) Here on Open Culture, we’ve previously featured history YouTuber Garrett Ryan’s take on the question of whether the U.S. is now declining like the
  • Why Cleopatra, Lawrence of Arabia, Ben-Hur & Other Hollywood Classics Still Look So Good

    Why Cleopatra, Lawrence of Arabia, Ben-Hur & Other Hollywood Classics Still Look So Good
    Cleopatra cost Twentieth Century Fox $44 million, by the studio’s own estimate. That may sound like the budget of one of those genre pictures that winds up going straight to streaming, but if we convert those 1963 dollars into current ones, it comes out to $480 million. The most expensive film ever made up to that point, it remained an industry symbol of near-parodically troubled production and grotesque cost inflation for decades. Like The Wizard of Oz, it failed to recoup its invest
  • Soviet-Era Illustrations of J. R. R. Tolkien’s The Hobbit (1976)

    Soviet-Era Illustrations of J. R. R. Tolkien’s The Hobbit (1976)
    Until I read J. R. R. Tolkien’s The Lord of the Rings, my favorite book growing up was, by far, The Hobbit. Growing up in Russia, however, meant that instead of Tolkien’s English version, my parents read me a Russian translation. To me, the translation easily matched the pace and wonder of Tolkien’s original. Looking back, The Hobbit probably made such an indelible impression on me because Tolkien’s tale was altogether different than the Russian fairy tales and
  • The Names of Nearly 4 Million Enslaved People in Former British Colonies Are Now Searchable Online, Helping Descendants Find Lost Ancestors

    The Names of Nearly 4 Million Enslaved People in Former British Colonies Are Now Searchable Online, Helping Descendants Find Lost Ancestors
    A few years ago, we featured here on Open Culture the Freedmen’s Bureau Project database, which contains searchable information on formerly enslaved people in the United States after its Civil War. With nearly 1.8 million men, women, and children registered there when it first opened to the public, it has remained a valuable resource for many Americans researching their own heritage, not just descendants of former slaves but of other Civil War refugees as well. But of course, the U.S. was
  • The Biggest Ship in History Was Built in China 600 Years Ago—Or Was It?

    The Biggest Ship in History Was Built in China 600 Years Ago—Or Was It?
    In 2002, the retired British submarine lieutenant-commander turned amateur historian Gavin Menzies created a stir with a book about Chinese seafaring in the fifteenth century. 1421: The Year China Discovered the World (tellingly titled 1421: The Year China Discovered America in the United States) began as a global history of that year, only coming to focus on the claim of the title through the interventions of publishing-industry professionals. They no doubt sensed a lucrative controversy i
  • David Byrne’s New Book Explores the Strange Afterlife of Good Ideas: From Vermeer’s Paintings to Roman Concrete & Dark Matter

    David Byrne’s New Book Explores the Strange Afterlife of Good Ideas: From Vermeer’s Paintings to Roman Concrete & Dark Matter
    David Byrne will always be most widely known as the co-founder and frontman of Talking Heads. That may count among the greatest possible achievements for any artist — to the minds of many an Open Culture reader, at least — but it must occasionally frustrate the man himself. Talking Heads broke up 35 years ago, but Byrne has only grown more and more productive since, recording his own albums, creating musicals, writing books, putting on PowerPoint presentations, and even designing bik
  • The Strange and Brilliant Inventions of Nikola Tesla

    The Strange and Brilliant Inventions of Nikola Tesla
    Even before the success of the electric car company that now bears his name, Nikola Tesla was a widely respected historical figure. Often, that respect could be based on surprisingly scant knowledge of the man’s life and accomplishments. Didn’t he do something with electricity? Wasn’t he involved in some kind of rivalry with Thomas Edison? Wouldn’t we all be enjoying wirelessly transmitted power, too cheap to meter, if his noble, solitary efforts hadn’t been thwarte
  • 7 Tips from Edgar Allan Poe on How to Write Vivid Stories & Poems

    7 Tips from Edgar Allan Poe on How to Write Vivid Stories & Poems
    There may be no more a macabrely misogynistic sentence in English literature than Edgar Allan Poe’s contention that “the death… of a beautiful woman” is “unquestionably the most poetical topic in the world.” (His perhaps ironic observation prompted Sylvia Plath to write, over a hundred years later, “The woman is perfected / Her dead / Body wears the smile of accomplishment.”) The sentence comes from Poe’s 1846 essay “The Phi
  • Why the Maps of London, Tokyo, New York, and Other Major Cities Look the Way They Do

    Why the Maps of London, Tokyo, New York, and Other Major Cities Look the Way They Do
    If you’re trying to understand a city, its map isn’t a bad place to start. Today, of course, we can call up an accurate map of practically any part of any city at any time we like, with detailed point-to-point directions available on command. Turn on the satellite view, street view, or 3D mode with its offer of every imaginable point of view, and you soon feel you’re engaging with less a representation of the city than the city itself. Yet the familiarity this makes us feel we
  • Discover the Lost Horror Series Deemed Too Shocking for BBC Television (1967)

    Discover the Lost Horror Series Deemed Too Shocking for BBC Television (1967)
    High culture and new technology have never been a natural pairing. As our digital era has often underscored, media innovations tend to be adopted earliest to deliver the most puerile, sensation-driven content, with the more respectable stuff benefiting only later. When the BBC was introducing color broadcasting in the mid-nineteen-sixties, for instance, it was used for the likes of Thunderbirds, The Avengers, and The Benny Hill Show, respectable though those programs may now seem compa
  • In 1704, Isaac Newton Predicted That the World Will End in 2060

    In 1704, Isaac Newton Predicted That the World Will End in 2060
    We have become quite used to pronouncements of doom, from scientists predicting the sixth mass extinction due to the measurable effects of climate change, and from religionists declaring the apocalypse due to a surfeit of sin. It’s almost impossible to imagine these two groups of people agreeing on anything other than the ominous portent of their respective messages. But in the early days of the scientific revolution—the days of Shakespeare’s contemporary Francis Bacon, and la
  • 300 Years Before ChatGPT, Jonathan Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels Imagined Machines Writing Books and Producing Knowledge (1726)

    300 Years Before ChatGPT, Jonathan Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels Imagined Machines Writing Books and Producing Knowledge (1726)
    The printing press was invented in the middle of the fifteenth century, and it’s been downhill for the written word ever since. Even before then, arguments that the volume of writing being done far outstripped the value of that writing surely weren’t unheard of. Whatever the era, the most incisive remarks on the apparent victory of verbal quantity over verbal quality tend to have come from writers themselves. No less a satirist than Jonathan Swift made it one of his many targets in&
  • When Buckminster Fuller Proposed Putting a Dome Over Manhattan (1960)

    When Buckminster Fuller Proposed Putting a Dome Over Manhattan (1960)
    Image via Buckminster Fuller Estate
    The novels of John Brunner have become a niche taste, even within his genre of science fiction. A more sociologically minded version of Philip K. Dick at his best, he could write with what now looks like a simultaneous prescience about the civilization to come and an apocalyptically anxious concern with the issues of his day. His undisputed masterpiece Stand on Zanzibar came out in 1968, the same year as the late Paul R. Ehrlich’s The Population Bo
  • LEGO Lets You Build Gaudí’s Sagrada Família in Its Largest Set Ever

    LEGO Lets You Build Gaudí’s Sagrada Família in Its Largest Set Ever
    When work on the Sagrada Família first began in 1882, the original architect could hardly have imagined that, 144 years later, the ambitious undertaking would still be underway. Yet here we are. Famously, the Catalan architect Antoni Gaudí (1852–1926) spent the last four decades of his life designing and building the Gothic-inspired basilica in Barcelona. Then came the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939), which destroyed many of his architectural plans, leaving successive gen
  • The Cable that Changed the World: How Instant Global Communication Began in 1858

    The Cable that Changed the World: How Instant Global Communication Began in 1858
    The word wireless is going the way of computerized and portable, and for much the same reasons. We no longer regard wireless devices that require no physical connections to anything else as marvels, but as something close to necessities. But our age, with its increasingly common assumptions that information just travels through the air, owes its existence to wires — and, in a historical sense, to one set of wires in particular, whose story is told in the Primal Space video above.
  • How to Explain Complicated Things

    How to Explain Complicated Things
    You may remember a time when it was difficult to make it through the day without hearing someone cite a TED Talk. A major technological reason for that was streaming video’s new accessibility on practically everyone’s computer (especially those of people bored at work). A major cultural reason was there was a considerable demographic overlap between those who knew their way around the new video-sharing realms of the internet and those likely to want to hear a “thought leader&rd
  • Mick Jagger Tells the Story Behind ‘Gimme Shelter’ and Merry Clayton’s Haunting Background Vocals

    Mick Jagger Tells the Story Behind ‘Gimme Shelter’ and Merry Clayton’s Haunting Background Vocals
    In the fall of 1969 the Rolling Stones were in a Los Angeles recording studio, putting the final touches on their album Let It Bleed. It was a tumultuous time for the Stones. They had been struggling with the album for the better part of a year as they dealt with the personal disintegration of their founder and multi-instrumentalist Brian Jones, whose drug addiction and personality problems had reached a critical stage. Jones was fired from the band in June of that year. He died less than a
  • Read the CIA’s Manual of Trickery and Deception, Written by a Professional Stage Magician

    Read the CIA’s Manual of Trickery and Deception, Written by a Professional Stage Magician
    The idea of a youngster vacillating between whether to become a magician or join the Central Intelligence Agency may sound implausible, but those two working environments have deeper commonalities than it would seem. So, in any case, believes John McLaughlin, whose more than 30 years at the CIA included periods as its deputy director and acting director. He also describes himself as a lifelong amateur magician, an avocation that owes much to his boyhood discovery of Quicker Than the Eye, a magi
  • The Little Albert Experiment: The Perverse 1920 Study That Made a Baby Afraid of Santa Claus & Bunnies

    The Little Albert Experiment: The Perverse 1920 Study That Made a Baby Afraid of Santa Claus & Bunnies
    The field of psychology is very different than it used to be. Nowadays, the American Psychological Association has a code of conduct for experiments that ensures a subject’s confidentiality, consent,and general mental well-being. In the old days, it wasn’t the case.
    Back then, you could, for instance, con subjects into thinking that they were electrocuting a man to death, as they did in the infamous 1961 Milgram experiment, which left people traumatized and humbled in the knowledge t
  • How Else Marie Pade, a Prisoner in World War II, Became Denmark’s First Female Electronic Composer

    How Else Marie Pade, a Prisoner in World War II, Became Denmark’s First Female Electronic Composer
    Before she became a composer of electronic music, Else Marie Pade was a sick child listening to the radio. Frequent kidney inflammations consigned her to bed for long periods of time, which would constitute neither her last nor her harshest experience of confinement. She was still young when the Nazis occupied her homeland of Denmark during World War II, and perhaps her youth explains her decision to spit on a column of marching German soldiers. She escaped capture that day, running right into t
  • The Long, Strange History of Tarot Cards: From the 14th Century to Modern Times

    The Long, Strange History of Tarot Cards: From the 14th Century to Modern Times
    We have any number of reasons for difficulty getting to sleep, not least worries about the future. This is hardly a recent phenomenon, and indeed practices meant to clarify the nature of events to come may be older than civilization itself. In fact, many of us moderns trust the old ways of fortune-telling more than the new. Take the cards of the Tarot, often featured here on Open Culture, whose recognizable European form dates back to at least the fourteenth century. But as explained in the new
  • When Salvador Dalí Gave a Surrealist Lecture in a Diving Suit … and Almost Suffocated (1936)

    When Salvador Dalí Gave a Surrealist Lecture in a Diving Suit … and Almost Suffocated (1936)
    Image by Library of Congress/Carl Van Vechten, via Wikimedia Commons
    Many a foreigner has visited England and found it an unexpectedly surreal place. Some of that effect has to do with encountering familiar icons — Big Ben, double-decker Routemaster buses, Marmite — in cold, damp reality. More of it may be induced by the country’s simultaneously thoroughgoing cultures of normality and eccentricity, an endless source of inspiration for Monty Python’s Flying Circus and muc
  • How Alan Turing and His Fellow Codebreakers Broke the Nazis’ “Unbreakable” Enigma Code

    How Alan Turing and His Fellow Codebreakers Broke the Nazis’ “Unbreakable” Enigma Code
    There was a time when you could just go out and buy an Enigma machine. In the early nineteen-twenties, any organization with a need to keep its communications secret could order a few of those brand-new devices from Germany and rest assured that any messages encoded using them would be safe from prying eyes. It didn’t take long for the military to catch on to the Enigma’s usefulness. Just a few years after the machine came on the market, it had been adopted by the German Navy, Army,
  • When Galileo Calculated the Precise Dimensions of Hell in Dante’s Inferno

    When Galileo Calculated the Precise Dimensions of Hell in Dante’s Inferno
    We venerate Galileo Galilei for daring to speak the scientific truth in the face of severe institutional opposition. He publicly acknowledged that the Earth revolves around the Sun in a time when the Church would rather he didn’t, displaying a bloody-mindedness that he seems to have acquired with age. Decades earlier, in the first stage of his career, he found himself (circa 1588) tasked by the Florentine Academy with calculating the precise dimensions of hell as described in Dante’
  • Listen to 4+ Hours of Jazz & Classical Music from Haruki Murakami’s Novels

    Listen to 4+ Hours of Jazz & Classical Music from Haruki Murakami’s Novels
    Before he became a novelist, Haruki Murakami ran a jazz bar in Tokyo, and music has filled his novels ever since. For your listening pleasure, NTS Radio has created two playlists of the jazz and classical music referenced in his fiction. Together, they run nearly five hours and feature everyone from John Coltrane, Bill Evans, and Thelonious Monk to Schubert, Liszt, and Mozart. Our suggestion: Pick up a Murakami novel, press play, and let the music become the soundtrack to your reading. Enjoy!
    vi
  • Rage Against the Machines: From the Luddites to the AI Data Center Backlash

    Rage Against the Machines: From the Luddites to the AI Data Center Backlash
    One often-repeated anecdote about Milton Friedman has the famous economist visiting a canal under construction in nineteen-sixties China. Noticing the sheer number of human laborers digging away with shovels, he asked the official in charge why they weren’t getting the work done faster with excavators and other modern machines. The bureaucrat explained to him that doing it by hand created more jobs. Friedman’s reply: “If it’s jobs you want, you should give those men spoon
  • How Reading Changes the Way Your Brain Works

    How Reading Changes the Way Your Brain Works
    Reading is unnatural. This will hardly come as a surprise to any child trying to put off his homework for just one more hour of watching other kids play Minecraft. Yet there really are implications worth considering if we accept that our cognitive systems didn’t evolve to process text in the same way as they evolved to handle vision and speech. Speaking on an evolutionary historical scale, “we haven’t had enough time to develop a dedicated reading brain,” says UCLA neuros
  • An In-Depth, Immersive Journey Through the Bayeux Tapestry

    An In-Depth, Immersive Journey Through the Bayeux Tapestry
    With the Bayeux Tapestry now on display at the British Museum, Deep Down History presents a deep dive into the embroidery’s full story:
    “The Bayeux Tapestry is one of the most remarkable survivals of the Middle Ages — a 70 metre embroidered account of the events leading to the Norman Conquest of England in 1066, culminating in the Battle of Hastings. This video tells the Tapestry’s story in full, using Charles Stothard’s early colour reproduction, presented here as
  • The Genius Logic of the NATO Phonetic Alphabet: How It Was Created & How It Works

    The Genius Logic of the NATO Phonetic Alphabet: How It Was Created & How It Works
    Most of us can rattle off the first few words-that-stand-for-letters of the NATO phonetic alphabet. Alfa, Bravo, and Charlie no doubt come right to mind, and depending on how many war movies you’ve seen, so may Delta, Echo, and Foxtrot. But how many of us would recognize Kilo, Mike, and Sierra? For that matter, how much do any of us know about how these particular words came to be used to spell out other words when communicating over walkie-talkies or other low-fidelity communication syste
  • The Radical Ideas of Plato’s Republic: An In-Depth Introduction

    The Radical Ideas of Plato’s Republic: An In-Depth Introduction
    We no longer live in a time when college freshmen get shocked by much of the reading material assigned to them. Counterintuitively, the texts that do retain their power to disturb young minds (presuming they can read texts in the first place) tend to skew old — and in one prominent case, about 2,400 years old. Even the most superficial interpretations of Plato’s Republic challenge the political assumptions held by almost every student today, at least in the developed West. Many of th
  • How the Silk Road Actually Worked (and What Could Go Terribly Wrong On It)

    How the Silk Road Actually Worked (and What Could Go Terribly Wrong On It)
    You don’t have to spend a long time reading up on the Silk Road before you see the term itself (“Silk Road”) called a misnomer. In fact, what we refer to by that name comprises a whole network of trade routes connecting Asia, Africa, and Europe, whose traffic constantly shifted over a millennium and a half according to climatic, geopolitical, and civilizational conditions. Nor was silk the only, or even the primary type of good carried along those routes. From East to West went
  • How Martin Luther King, Jr. Used Nietzsche, Hegel & Kant to Overturn Segregation in America

    How Martin Luther King, Jr. Used Nietzsche, Hegel & Kant to Overturn Segregation in America
    Image by Dick DeMarsico, via Wikimedia Commons
    The influence of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel on the revolutionary philosophy of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels is well known. Marx wrote a critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right and claimed to have turned the German idealist philosopher on his head, and the development of Marxist theory among a school of neo-Hegelians, wrote Rebecca Cooper in 1925, occurred in a period “peculiarly auspicious for the birth of a revolutionary social ph
  • Scientists Discover the Earliest Evidence of Drug Use in 25,000-Year-Old Teeth

    Scientists Discover the Earliest Evidence of Drug Use in 25,000-Year-Old Teeth
    Image by Fakhri
    “Scientists Discover the Earliest Evidence of Drug Use in Really Old Teeth” may sound like odd headline language, at least by the traditional standards of the New York Times. But then, the teeth in question are, indeed, really old. “Archaeologists have pushed the timeline of human drug use back further than ever before by studying teeth that belonged to a hunter-gatherer who lived in Indonesia sometime from 16,000 to 25,000 years ago,” writes reporte
  • Route 66 Turns 100 This Year: Take a Tour of America’s Most Famous Highway

    Route 66 Turns 100 This Year: Take a Tour of America’s Most Famous Highway
    This past summer, the United States of America celebrated 250 years of independence. But for a great many Americana-lovers around the world, this year also brings another, even more resonant date: the 100th anniversary of the establishment of Route 66. In the months leading up to November 11th, the official birthday of what John Steinbeck dubbed the “Mother Road,” tourists both foreign and domestic have seized the occasion to make the 2,448-mile drive of which they’ve long drea
  • Download Hundreds of Issues of Jugend, Germany’s Pioneering Art Nouveau Magazine (1896–1940)

    Download Hundreds of Issues of Jugend, Germany’s Pioneering Art Nouveau Magazine (1896–1940)
    It’s an ungainly word for English speakers, which is maybe why we do not hear it often: Gleichschaltung. Yet the concept remains central for a clear view of what happened to Germany in the 1930s. In 1933, the nation completely transformed, seemingly overnight, through “a concerted policy of ‘coordination’ (Gleichschaltung),” the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum writes. “Culture, the economy, education, and law all came under Nazi control.” Those artists a
  • The Ancient Greek Water Clock That Kept the Most Accurate Time for 1,800 Years

    The Ancient Greek Water Clock That Kept the Most Accurate Time for 1,800 Years
    Today, we’re surrounded by technologies we could justifiably describe as time thieves. In ancient Greece, those who wanted to know where their time was going consulted a device they called a “water thief.” The roots of the clepsydra, or water clock, go back as far as the sixteenth century BC, with evidence of such devices found in modern-day Iraq, Iran, and Egypt, and more ambiguous evidence unearthed in places like India and China. The mechanism in the earliest examples t
  • Historian Timothy Snyder Teaches a Free Course on Hitler, Stalin & How “It” Can Happen Here

    Historian Timothy Snyder Teaches a Free Course on Hitler, Stalin & How “It” Can Happen Here
    When the historian Timothy Snyder left Yale for the University of Toronto in 2024, he took with him the practice of occasionally putting his course lectures online, making them available to anyone who cares to learn from them. Above, you can watch ten lectures from his recent course Hitler and Stalin Today. In this course:
    Snyder examines the Nazi and Soviet responses to the new globalized world they shared. The course begins with the colonial background that made totalitarianism possible, and
  • Frank Lloyd Wright’s Secret Career as a Japanese Art Dealer & How It Shaped His Architecture

    Frank Lloyd Wright’s Secret Career as a Japanese Art Dealer & How It Shaped His Architecture
    Frank Lloyd Wright was often strapped for cash. In that respect, he had something in common with Vincent van Gogh, who passed most of his much shorter life in more dire circumstances. Unlike Wright, who enjoyed decades of fame at the pinnacle of the American architectural profession, van Gogh remained practically unknown until after his death. But if they’ve encountered one another in the afterlife, they’ve certainly discussed one subject above all others: their shared appreciation
  • Bertrand Russell Explains Why Karl Marx’s Philosophy Produced the Disaster of Communism

    Bertrand Russell Explains Why Karl Marx’s Philosophy Produced the Disaster of Communism
    In 1927, Bertrand Russell delivered a lecture titled “Why I Am Not a Christian.” At the time, such a declaration was still fairly bold, as was the reasoning he provided for it. Nearly three decades thereafter, he included in his collection Portraits from Memory another, shorter piece, “Why I Am Not a Communist.” That description was safe to apply to oneself in 1954, at least in the mainstream of the English-speaking world. It would have been riskier for those who mov
  • Meet Lloyd Kahn, the Counterculture Publisher Who Is Skateboarding at 91

    Meet Lloyd Kahn, the Counterculture Publisher Who Is Skateboarding at 91
    Lloyd Kahn worked as an insurance broker before quitting in 1965. Then, he took a turn into the DIY building movement that emerged with the 1960s counterculture. Soon enough, he found himself editing the influential Whole Earth Catalog and publishing Shelter in 1973, a book still considered the bible of hand-built homes. Now 91 years old, Lloyd remains active in publishing. He also continues to run, paddleboard, and skateboard, a sport he took up when he turned 65. How many people can say that?

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