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-
Astronomer who built advanced telescopes has died
via cbc.caJerry Nelson, an astronomer who designed telescopes that helped scientists glimpse far reaches of the universe, and to measure the black hole at the centre of the Milky Way, has died in California. He was 73. -
Indian teen celebrates as Nasa sends satellite to space
via bbc.co.ukThe tiny satellite was designed by Rifath Sharrook, 18, and manufactured using a 3-D printer. -
Research into exoskeleton walking devices big leap forward for human-robot interactions
via cbc.caResearchers at Carnegie Melon University in the U.S. have developed a new system for human assistance with robotic devices known as exoskeletons that could have widespread impact on the way human performance is enhanced by devices of many kinds. -
Scientists spy on the secret inner life of bacteria
New images reveal the inner workings of bacteria. -
Flight demands may have steered the evolution of bird egg shape
An analysis of nearly 50,000 bird eggs finds a link between a species’ egg shape and flight ability. -
Quantum correlations from a room-temperature optomechanical cavity
The act of position measurement alters the motion of an object being measured. This quantum measurement backaction is typically much smaller than the thermal motion of a room-temperature object and thus difficult to observe. By shining laser light through a nanomechanical beam, we measure the beam’s thermally driven vibrations and perturb its motion with optical force fluctuations at a level dictated by the Heisenberg measurement-disturbance uncertainty relation. We demonstrate a cross-cor -
Quantum and isotope effects in lithium metal
The crystal structure of elements at zero pressure and temperature is the most fundamental information in condensed matter physics. For decades it has been believed that lithium, the simplest metallic element, has a complicated ground-state crystal structure. Using synchrotron x-ray diffraction in diamond anvil cells and multiscale simulations with density functional theory and molecular dynamics, we show that the previously accepted martensitic ground state is metastable. The actual ground stat -
On the generation of solar spicules and Alfvenic waves
In the lower solar atmosphere, the chromosphere is permeated by jets known as spicules, in which plasma is propelled at speeds of 50 to 150 kilometers per second into the corona. The origin of the spicules is poorly understood, although they are expected to play a role in heating the million-degree corona and are associated with Alfvénic waves that help drive the solar wind. We compare magnetohydrodynamic simulations of spicules with observations from the Interface Region Imaging Spectrog -
Mitotic chromosome assembly despite nucleosome depletion in Xenopus egg extracts
The nucleosome is the fundamental structural unit of eukaryotic chromatin. During mitosis, duplicated nucleosome fibers are organized into a pair of rod-shaped structures (chromatids) within a mitotic chromosome. However, it remains unclear whether nucleosome assembly is indeed an essential prerequisite for mitotic chromosome assembly. We combined mouse sperm nuclei and Xenopus cell-free egg extracts depleted of the histone chaperone Asf1 and found that chromatid-like structures could be assembl -
Metalloprotein entatic control of ligand-metal bonds quantified by ultrafast x-ray spectroscopy
The multifunctional protein cytochrome c (cyt c) plays key roles in electron transport and apoptosis, switching function by modulating bonding between a heme iron and the sulfur in a methionine residue. This Fe–S(Met) bond is too weak to persist in the absence of protein constraints. We ruptured the bond in ferrous cyt c using an optical laser pulse and monitored the bond reformation within the protein active site using ultrafast x-ray pulses from an x-ray free-electron laser, determining -
Local protein kinase A action proceeds through intact holoenzymes
Hormones can transmit signals through adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) to precise intracellular locations. The fidelity of these responses relies on the activation of localized protein kinase A (PKA) holoenzymes. Association of PKA regulatory type II (RII) subunits with A-kinase–anchoring proteins (AKAPs) confers location, and catalytic (C) subunits phosphorylate substrates. Single-particle electron microscopy demonstrated that AKAP79 constrains RII-C subassemblies within 150 to 250 an -
Human-in-the-loop optimization of exoskeleton assistance during walking
Exoskeletons and active prostheses promise to enhance human mobility, but few have succeeded. Optimizing device characteristics on the basis of measured human performance could lead to improved designs. We have developed a method for identifying the exoskeleton assistance that minimizes human energy cost during walking. Optimized torque patterns from an exoskeleton worn on one ankle reduced metabolic energy consumption by 24.2 ± 7.4% compared to no torque. The approach was effective with -
Chemical transformation of xenobiotics by the human gut microbiota
The human gut microbiota makes key contributions to the metabolism of ingested compounds (xenobiotics), transforming hundreds of dietary components, industrial chemicals, and pharmaceuticals into metabolites with altered activities, toxicities, and lifetimes within the body. The chemistry of gut microbial xenobiotic metabolism is often distinct from that of host enzymes. Despite their important consequences for human biology, the gut microbes, genes, and enzymes involved in xenobiotic metabolism -
Breaking Lorentz reciprocity to overcome the time-bandwidth limit in physics and engineering
A century-old tenet in physics and engineering asserts that any type of system, having bandwidth , can interact with a wave over only a constrained time period t inversely proportional to the bandwidth (t· ~ 2). This law severely limits the generic capabilities of all types of resonant and wave-guiding systems in photonics, cavity quantum electrodynamics and optomechanics, acoustics, continuum mechanics, and atomic and optical physics but is thought to be completely fundamental, arising f -
Avian egg shape: Form, function, and evolution
Avian egg shape is generally explained as an adaptation to life history, yet we currently lack a global synthesis of how egg-shape differences arise and evolve. Here, we apply morphometric, mechanistic, and macroevolutionary analyses to the egg shapes of 1400 bird species. We characterize egg-shape diversity in terms of two biologically relevant variables, asymmetry and ellipticity, allowing us to quantify the observed morphologies in a two-dimensional morphospace. We then propose a simple mecha -
Assembly principles and structure of a 6.5-MDa bacterial microcompartment shell
Many bacteria contain primitive organelles composed entirely of protein. These bacterial microcompartments share a common architecture of an enzymatic core encapsulated in a selectively permeable protein shell; prominent examples include the carboxysome for CO2 fixation and catabolic microcompartments found in many pathogenic microbes. The shell sequesters enzymatic reactions from the cytosol, analogous to the lipid-based membrane of eukaryotic organelles. Despite available structural informatio -
An environment-dependent transcriptional network specifies human microglia identity
Microglia play essential roles in central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis and influence diverse aspects of neuronal function. However, the transcriptional mechanisms that specify human microglia phenotypes are largely unknown. We examined the transcriptomes and epigenetic landscapes of human microglia isolated from surgically resected brain tissue ex vivo and after transition to an in vitro environment. Transfer to a tissue culture environment resulted in rapid and extensive down-regulation of -
A global brain state underlies C. elegans sleep behavior
How the brain effectively switches between and maintains global states, such as sleep and wakefulness, is not yet understood. We used brainwide functional imaging at single-cell resolution to show that during the developmental stage of lethargus, the Caenorhabditis elegans brain is predisposed to global quiescence, characterized by systemic down-regulation of neuronal activity. Only a few specific neurons are exempt from this effect. In the absence of external arousing cues, this quiescent brain -
A catalytic fluoride-rebound mechanism for C(sp3)-CF3 bond formation
The biological properties of trifluoromethyl compounds have led to their ubiquity in pharmaceuticals, yet their chemical properties have made their preparation a substantial challenge, necessitating innovative chemical solutions. We report the serendipitous discovery of a borane-catalyzed formal C(sp3)-CF3 reductive elimination from Au(III) that accesses these compounds by a distinct mechanism proceeding via fluoride abstraction, migratory insertion, and C-F reductive elimination to achieve a ne -
Big Pacific: Photos From One of Earth's Great Oceans
via rss.sciam.comA new book captures the shocking, surprising and stunning life within the Pacific
-- Read more on ScientificAmerican.com -
Whale body size warning for species collapses
via bbc.co.ukThe shrinking size of whales over the 20th Century could help scientists detect when wildlife populations are in trouble, a study suggests. -
German-UK team maintains Galileo success
via bbc.co.ukOHB and SSTL will make the next eight, possibly even the next 14, satellites for Europe's GPS. -
Brain-Invading Tapeworm That Eluded Doctors Spotted by New DNA Test
via rss.sciam.comGenetic sequencing of spinal fluid hailed as an advance over standard procedures for diagnosing brain infections
-- Read more on ScientificAmerican.com -
When should babies sleep in their own rooms?
A new study offers support to sleep-starved parents by suggesting that babies age 6 months and older sleep longer when in their own bedroom. -
Quick-Thinking AI Camera Mimics the Human Brain
via rss.sciam.comThe device will use artificial neurons and synapses to improve self-driving vehicle and drone performance
-- Read more on ScientificAmerican.com -
Koalas 'facing extinction' in some Australian states
via bbc.co.ukThe conservation group WWF is warning that koalas could be wiped out in some Australian states amid deforestation and increasing attacks by livestock. -
Could a levy on ISPs help promote Canadian content in the new digital world?
via cbc.caWhile the "internet tax" proposed by the Commons heritage committee was criticized for piling more fees onto consumers, many in the media industry feel it had the right intention, writes Ramona Pringle. -
White people show race bias when judging deception
(Association for Psychological Science) When making judgments about who is lying and who is telling the truth, new research shows that White people are more likely to label a Black person as a truth-teller compared with a White person, even though their spontaneous behavior indicates the reverse bias. The findings are published in Psychological Science, a journal of the Association for Psychological Science. -
Walden elected fellow of the American Society for Engineering Education
(University of Oklahoma) A University of Oklahoma research associate professor and director, Susan E. Walden, has been elected to the Academy of Fellows for the American Society for Engineering Education. Walden, the first ASEE awardee from OU, has made significant individual contributions to her body of work related to diversity and inclusion in engineering education within the P-16 initiative. The fellow designation honors her scholarship and service for improving engineering education, especi -
Video games can change your brain
(Frontiers) Scientists have collected and summarized studies looking at how video games can shape our brains and behavior. Research to date suggests that playing video games can change the brain regions responsible for attention and visuospatial skills and make them more efficient. The researchers also looked at studies exploring brain regions associated with the reward system, and how these are related to video game addiction. -
UTA to develop solution ensuring better user experience with data center optimization
(University of Texas at Arlington) Hao Che, a professor in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering at The University of Texas at Arlington, and Hong Jiang, the Wendell H. Nedderman Professor and department chair of CSE, believe they have a mathematical solution that will allow outstanding user experiences while balancing computing and network resource allocation. -
Unexpected rotation in a stone-dead galaxy
(Faculty of Science - University of Copenhagen) joint European-US study led by experts from Niels Bohr Institute (NBI) at University of Copenhagen, Denmark, reveals a rotating stellar disk à la the Milky Way in a stone-dead galaxy 10 billion light-years from Earth. This has never been shown before. The galaxy examined is an early version of elliptical-shaped galaxies. -
Uncomfortable summer heat makes people moody and unhelpful, new research finds
(Lehigh University) Associate professor Liuba Belkin of Lehigh University in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, and Maryam Kouchaki, assistant professor at Northwestern in Evanston, Illinois, conclude in a new study, that when when it's uncomfortably hot, we're less likely to be helpful or 'prosocial.' -
Tourette Syndrome risk increases in people with genetic copy variations
(Purdue University) An international team that just conducted the largest study of Tourette Syndrome has identified genetic abnormalities that are the first definitive risk genes for the disorder. -
Tiny nanoparticles offer significant potential in detecting/treating disease new review of work on exosomes
(Swansea University) Exosomes - tiny biological nanoparticles which transfer information between cells - offer significant potential in detecting and treating disease, the most comprehensive overview so far of research in the field has concluded.Areas which could benefit include cancer treatment and regenerative medicine. -
Switchable DNA mini-machines store information
(Emory Health Sciences) Biomedical engineers have built simple machines out of DNA, consisting of arrays whose units switch reversibly between two different shapes.The arrays' inventors say they could be harnessed to make nanotech sensors or amplifiers. Potentially, they could be combined to form logic gates, the parts of a molecular computer. -
Study examines gun policy preferences across racial groups
(University of Illinois at Chicago) Support for all forms of gun control is stronger among Latinos and blacks than whites, according to researchers from the University of Illinois at Chicago. -
Stereotypes still affect females' career aspirations in STEM topics
(Frontiers) Study investigates the impact of stereotypes and the role of family, school and society on the self-concept of females already studying these scientific subjects and found that these stereotypes do impact the self-concept of females already studying these scientific subjects. -
Smooth propagation of spin waves using gold
(Toyohashi University of Technology) Assistant Professor Taichi Goto at Toyohashi University of Technology elucidated the noise generation mechanism of the spin wave (SW), the wave of a magnetic moment transmitted through magnetic oxide, and established a way to suppress it. The large noise generated by SWs traveling through magnetic oxides has presented a significant obstacle to its applications. However, it became clear that noise can be suppressed by installing a thin gold film in the appropr -
Secondhand smoke exposure among nonsmoking adult cancer survivors has declined
(American Association for Cancer Research) From 1999/2000 to 2011/2012, exposure to secondhand smoke among nonsmoking adult cancer survivors declined from 39.6 percent to 15.7 percent, but rates of exposure were higher among those with a history of a smoking-related cancer and those living below the federal poverty level compared with those with other types of cancer and those with the highest incomes, respectively. -
Scientists uncover origins of the Sun's swirling spicules
(NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center) For the first time, a computer simulation -- so detailed it took a full year to run -- shows how spicules form, helping scientists understand how spicules can break free of the sun's surface and surge upward so quickly. -
Science sets sail
(University of Erlangen-Nuremberg) FAU explores new research horizons with voyage of scientific discovery on the Baltic Sea -
Satellite data to map endangered monkey populations on Earth
(University of Leicester) Universities of Leicester and East Anglia lead research to identify biodiversity through satellite data. -
Russian scientists designed unique energy absorbing container
(Peter the Great Saint-Petersburg Polytechnic University) The protective container, with world's best energy absorption characteristics, was designed and manufactured at Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University Computer-Aided Engineering Centre of Excellence (CompMechLab®) in collaboration withLLC 'Special and Medical Equipment'.A technology was developed to ensures the safety and efficiency of fragile equipment (for example, high-precision devices weighing up to 8 kg) when drop -
Researchers show first evidence of using cortical targets to improve motor function
(University of Miami Miller School of Medicine) University of Miami Miller School of Medicine's Dr. Monica A. Perez, Associate Professor, Department of Neurological Surgery and The Miami Project, and colleagues, recently published 'A novel cortical target to enhance hand motor output in humans with spinal cord injury' in the June issue of Brain that provides the first evidence that cortical targets could represent a novel therapeutic site for improving motor function in humans paralyzed by spina -
Researchers design sounds that can be recorded by microphones but inaudible to humans
(University of Illinois College of Engineering) Researchers at the University of Illinois have designed a sound that is completely inaudible to humans (40 kHz or above) yet is audible to any microphone. The sound combines multiple tones that, when interacting with the microphone's mechanics, create what researchers call a 'shadow,' which is a sound that the microphones can detect. -
Research suggests sexual appeals in ads don't sell brands, products
(University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign) Ads with sexual appeals are more likely to be remembered but don't sell the brand or product, according to a meta-analysis of nearly 80 advertising studies, published online this week by the International Journal of Advertising. Researchers found no positive effect on study participants' ability to remember the brands featured in such ads or on their intention to buy the product. The research was led by University of Illinois advertising professor Joh -
Quantum thermometer or optical refrigerator?
(National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)) In an arranged marriage of optics and mechanics, physicists have created microscopic structural beams that have a variety of powerful uses when light strikes them. -
Public health guidelines aim to lower health risks of cannabis use
(Centre for Addiction and Mental Health) Canada's Lower-Risk Cannabis Use Guidelines, released today with the endorsement of key medical and public health organizations, provide 10 science-based recommendations to enable cannabis users to reduce their health risks. The guidelines, based on a scientific review by an international team of experts, are published in the American Journal of Public Health. -
Proton pump inhibitors do not contribute to dementia or Alzheimer's disease
(American Geriatrics Society) Noting that the prescription of proton pump inhibitors is on the rise among middle-aged and older adults, a team of researchers designed a new study to examine PPIs and the risk of dementia, mild cognitive impairment, and Alzheimer's disease. They published their study in the Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.
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